Comparative Impact of Solvent Extracts of Spondias mombin Leaves on In-vitro Antioxidant and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities
Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry, Volume 12, Issue 3,
Page 20-29
DOI:
10.9734/ajrb/2023/v12i3236
Abstract
The underlying cause of a number of neurological disorders is oxidative stress. Given the dearth of medications now available to treat such disorders and their accompanying detrimental impacts, an urgent need exists for the global identification of brand-new antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. This study evaluated the comparative impacts of the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of S. mombin leaves. The dried leaf samples of the plant were triturated. Following maceration of the powdered plant materials in each of the three extraction solvents (methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate), the resulting solutions were separately subjected to lyophilization. The in-vitro antioxidant analysis was determined by employing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assays. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory abilities of the various extracts were also evaluated using a standard protocol. The methanol extract showed the greatest DPPH scavenging (75.91%) and AChE inhibitory (40.17%) properties in the DPPH and AChE inhibitory assays, respectively. The DPPH and lipid peroxidation assays also demonstrated that all extracts had dose-dependent antioxidant properties. In addition, evaluations of each extract's ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation revealed that, at initial concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L, the methanol extract displayed stronger LPO inhibitory effects (5.90%, 6.15%) than the n-hexane (4.00%, 5.4%) and ethyl acetate (3.26%, 3.99%) extracts. Nonetheless, the n-hexane extract showed a greater LPO inhibitory effect (10.00%, 10.34%) at higher dosages of 0.2 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectively. The results of this study have shown that methanol is the best solvent for exploiting the pharmacological benefits of S. mombin leaves thereby reasserting the numerous applications of the plant in traditional medicine. It has also paved the way for the development of novel therapeutic alternatives for a range of neurodegenerative disorders and other health concerns.
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
- natural antioxidant
- lipid peroxidation
- solvent extracts
- neurodegenerative disorders
How to Cite
References
Guo T, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Huang TY, Xu H, Zhao Y. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2020;15(1):40.
Ahammed S, Afrin R, Uddin N, Al-Amin Y, Hasan K, Haque U, Monirul Islam KM, Alam H, Tanaka T, Sadik G.. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activity of the Compounds Isolated from Vanda roxburghii. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021;5569054. Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5569054
Butterfield DA, Drake J., Pocernich C, Castegna A. Evidence of oxidative damage in Alzheimer’s disease brain: central role for amyloid β-peptide.Trends Molecular Medicine. 2001;7:548-554.
Tonnies E, Trushina E. Oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2017; 57(4):1105–1121.
He L, He T, Farrar S, Linbao J, Liu T, Ma XI.. Antioxidants and Cellular Homeostasis by Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species. Cell Physiology and Biochemistry. 2017;44:532-553.
Hazra B, Biswas S, Mandal N.. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Spondias pinnata. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2008;8:63.
Lyras L, Cairns NJ, Jenner A, Jenner P, Halliwell B.. An assessment of oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA in brain from patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2002; 68(5):2061–2069.
Karim N, Khan H, Khan I, Guo O, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Rastrelli L, Kamal MA. An Increasing Role of Polyphenols as Novel Therapeutics for Alzheimer's: A Review. Medicinal Chemistry. 2020;16(8): 1007-1021.
Evuen UF, Okolie NP, Apiamu A. Evaluation of the mineral composition, phytochemical and proximate constituents of three culinary spices in Nigeria: a comparative study. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:20705.
Hlila MB, Omri A, Jannet HB, Lamari A, Aouni M, Selmi B. Phenolic composition, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of the Tunisian Scabiosa arenaria, Pharmaceutical Biology. 2013; 51(5):525-532.
Evuen UF, Apiamu A, Owuzo PO. Comparative Assessment of the Nutritional and Antioxidant Status of Euphorbia heterophylla (Euphorbiaceae) and Morinda lucida (Rubiaceae) Plants. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Science Research. 2016;5(2):49–57.
Evuen UF, Okolie NP. Antioxidant Prospects of Three African Ethnomedicinal Spices. Western Delta University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. 2022; 2(1):49-64.
Pandey KB, Rizvi SI . Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cell Longevity. 2009;2:270-278.
Mondal A, Bhar R, Sinha SN. Ethnomedicinal value and Biological Activities of Spondias mombin L- A Concise Review. Asian Research Journal of Current Science. 2021; 3(1): 87-94.
Njoku PC, Akumefula MI. Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Spondais mombin leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2007;6(6):613–615.
Eze EA, Danga SP, Okoye FB. Larvicidal activity of the leaf extracts of Spondias mombin Linn.(Anacardiaceae) from various solvents against malarial, dengue and filarial vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 2014;51(4):300.
Aigbokhan EI. Annotated checklist of vascular plants of southern Nigeria, a quick reference guide to the vascular plants of southern Nigeria: a systematic approach. Benin: Uniben Press; 2014.
Burkill HM. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, 1985; 1
Nusrat AH. Hepatoprotective toxicological assessment of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) in rodents [dissertation]. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. 2010;22-26.
Ayoka AO, Akomolafe RO, Iwalewa EO, Akanmu MA, Ukponmwan OE. Sedative, antiepileptic and antipsychotic effects of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) in mice and rats. Journal of Ethno Pharmacology. 2006;103:166-175.
Odoh UE, Nwadimkpa AL. Evaluation of oxytocic and haematological effects of methanol extract of the root bark of Spondais mombin Linn (Anacardiaceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2020;9(3):41-47.
Asuquo OR, Udonwa UN, Eluwa MA, Ekanem TB. Effects of Spondias mombin leaf extract on the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex and on learning and memory in Wistar Rats. International Journal of Science and Research. 2013;2(9):5–8.
Elufioye TO, Oladele AT, Cyril-Olutayo CM, Agbedahunsi JM, Adesanya SA. Ethnomedicinal study and screening of plants used for memory enhancement and antiaging in Sagamu, Nigeria. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2012;2(3): 262–275.
Ayoka AO, Akomolafe R, Iwalewa E, Ukponmwan OE. Studies on the anxiolytic effect of Spondias mombin L (Anacardiaceae) extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2005;2:153–165.
Ibikunle GF, Okwute SK, Ogbadoyi, EO. Cytotoxic Agents from Nigerian Plants: A Case Study of Spondias Mombin Linn (Anacardiaceae) Leaves. FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal. 2017; 2(1b):510 – 513.
Kpomah ED, Odokwo EO. Comparative Phytochemical, Proximate, and Some Mineral Composition of the Leaves and Stem Bark of Spondia mombin (L. anacardiaceae). Annual Research and Review in Biology. 2020;35(6):90-98.
Akinmoladun AC, Adelabu AA, Saliu IO, Adetuyi AR, Olaleye MT. Protective properties of Spondias mombin Linn leaves on redox status, cholinergic dysfunction and electrolyte disturbance in cyanide intoxicated rats. 2021;104(2): 1–17.
28. Rababah TM, Banat F, Rababah A, Ereifej K. Yang W. Optimization of extraction conditions of total phenolics, antioxidant activities, and anthocyanin of oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate. Journal of Food Science. 2010;75:626–632.
Sabir SM, Rocha JBT. Water-extractable phytochemicals from Phyllamthus niruri exhibit distinct in-vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice. Food Chemistry. 2008;111:845-851.
Heath RL, Packer L. Photoperoxidation in Isolated Chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and Stoichiometry of Fatty Acid Peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1968;125:189-198.
Rocha JB, Emanuelli T, Pereira ME. Effects of early undernutrition on kinetic parameters of brain acetylcholinesterase from adult rats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis. 1993;53:431.
Venkatesan T, Choi Y, Kim Y. Impact of Different Extraction Solvents on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Potential of _Pinus densiflora_ Bark Extract. Bio Med Research International. 2019; 14.
DOI: 10.1155/2019/3520675.3520675
Moon JK, Shibamoto T. Antioxidant Assays for Plant and Food Components. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2009;57:1655-1666.
Prior RL, Wu X, Schaich K. Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2005; 53(10):4290–4302.
Kondo K, Kurihara M, Fukuhara K, Tanaka T, Suzuki T, Miyata N, Toyoda M. Conversion of procyanidin B-type (catechin dimer) to A-type: evidence for abstraction of C-2 hydrogen in catechin during radical oxidation. Tetrahedron Letters. 2000; 41:485–488.
Temesgen, S., Sasikumar, JM, Egigu MC. Effect of Extraction Solvents on Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Syzygium Aromaticum L. Flower Bud from Ethiopia. Biomedical Research International. 2022;4568944.
Ajaegbu EE, Uzochukwu IC, Okoye FBC. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Extract and Fractions of Spondias mombin Leaf and Isolation of its Active Principles. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research. 2022;6(1): 80-86.
Bhandarkar AP, Bhat RA, Vinodraj K, Shetty MS, Shenoy GK. In-vitro evaluation and efficient antioxidant. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2015; 6(2):164-168.
Sasikumar JM, Erba O, Egigu, MC. In vitro antioxidant activity and polyphenolic content of commonly used spices from Ethiopia. Heliyon, 2020;6(9):e05027.
Soulef S, Seddik, K, Nozha, M, Smain A, Saliha D, Hosni K.. Phytochemical screening and in vivo and in vitro evaluation antioxidant capacity of Fargaria ananassa, Prunus armeniaca and Prunus persica fruits growing in Algeria. Progress in Nutrition. 2020;22:236–252.
Shabalala SC, Johnson R, Basson AK, Ziqubu K, Hlengwa N, Mthembu SXH, Mabhida SE, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Hanser S, Cirilli I Tiano L, Dludla PV. Detrimental Effects of Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploring the Neutralizing Influence of Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(10):2071.
Ramana KV, Srivastava S, Singhal SS. Lipid Peroxidation Products in Human Health and Disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2013;583438.
Shetty B, Rao G, Abhineetha N, Preethika B, Reddy S. Study of protective action of spondias pinnata bark extract on rat liver and kidney against etoposide-induced chemical stress. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2016;8(1):24–27.
Fidrianny I, Suhendy H, Insanu M. Correlation of phytochemical content with antioxidant potential of various sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) in West Java, Indonesia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2018; 8(1): 25-30.
Anokwuru CP, Anyasor GN, Ajibaye O, Fakoya O, Okebugwu P. Effect of extraction solvents on phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activities of three Nigerian medicinal plants. Natural Science. 2011;9:53–61.
Upadhyay R, Chaurasia JK, Tiwari KN, Singh K. Antioxidant Property of Aerial Parts and Root of Phyllanthus fraternus Webster, an Important Medicinal Plant. The Scientific World Journal. 2014;692392.
Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(4):289-300.
Elufioye TO, Obuotor EM, Agbedahunsi JM, Adesanya SA. Anticholinesterase constituents from the leaves of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae). Biologics: Targets and Therapy. 2017; 11:107–114.
Grantham C, Geerts H. The rationale behind cholinergic drug treatment for dementia related to cerebrospinal disease. Journal of Neuronal Science. 2002; 203:131-136.
Darvesh AS, Carroll RT, Bishayee A, Geldenhuys WJ, Van der Schyf CJ. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer’s disease: Dietary polyphenols as potential therapeutic agents. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2010;10:729–745.
Akanji OC. Determination of Bioactive constituents of Spondia mombin Leaves by GC-MS Analysis. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 2020;6(3):149–165.
Boadu A, Karpoormath R, Nlooto M. Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Actions of Leaf Extracts of Spondias mombin: A Narrative Review. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2022;25:1-11
Sinan KI, Zengin G, Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Gevrenova R, Picot-Allain MCN, Dall’Acqua S, et al. Exploring the Chemical Profiles and Biological Values of Two Spondias Species (S. dulcis and S. mombin): Valuable Sources of Bioactive Natural Products. Antioxidants. 2021; 10:1771.
Ojo OA, Afon AA, Ojo AB, Ajiboye BO, Okesola MA, Arueleba RT, Adekita TA. Oyinloye BE. Spondias mombim L. (Anacardiaceae): Chemical fingerprints, inhibitory activities, and molecular docking on key enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction and Alzheimer’s diseases. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2019; 43:e12772.
-
Abstract View: 20 times
PDF Download: 19 times
