Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry

Influence of the Microbes Mediated Organic Production Module on the Yield and Quality of the Khasi Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in the Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone

Buddhisatya Dowarah — 2025-11-01

Aims: To find out the effect of microbes mediated organic production modules on the yield and quality of khasi mandarin.

Study Design: Randomised Complete Block Design.

Place and Duration of Study: The present field experiment was carried out at Pangna Gaon, Margherita, Tinsukia district of Assam during 2022 to 2024 and the laboratory work was performed at the Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema.

Methodology: It was carried out on 30 years plus old fruit trees with a planting distance of 5m x 5m. During the course of the experiment different doses of organic manures along with microbial consortium were applied in the month of January and September.The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications and each replication consisted of two plants.

Results: The pooled data of two years indicated that application of vermicompost (2kg per plant) along with microbial consortium (100 ml) resulted improvement in yield in comparison to other organic manure soil treatment. Even though the trees were beyond its productive age application of organic manure resulted maximum fruit yield (5.112 t/ha), TSS (9.03⁰ Brix), ascorbic acid (34.76 mg/ 100 ml) and total sugar (6.67 %) and it can also be recommended as the best combination in terms of total cost involvement for the production of khasi mandarin in the upper Brahmaputra valley zone.

Conclusion: It can be stated that vermicompost along with microbial consortium resulted in higher fruit quality attributes and overall yield. It should also be noted that vermicompost along with microbial consortium enhanced or activitated the microbial communities activity present in the rhizospheric region. The benefit: cost ratio was found to be higher also in the soil treatment with vermicompost along with microbial consortium thus making it sustainable for the farmers and also improving the soil health conditions.

Antimicrobial Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Mentha arvensis and Syzygium aromaticum and Their Combinations with Levofloxacin and Cefotaxime

Okey-Orji V. N — 2025-11-03

Aims: This study is aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized silver-nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Mentha arvensis and Syzygium aromaticum and its combinations with cefotaxime and levofloxacin.

Study Design: Cross sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Biological Science Department of National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development Idu Abuja, between January 2025 and August 2025.

Methodology: The AgNPs were biosynthesized from Mentha arvensis (M. arvensis) and Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum) extracts and characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs, cefotaxime and levofloxacin against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates (B1, B2 and B3) from surgical wound were evaluated using the microbroth dilution method. The effect of combination of the AgNPs and cefotaxime or levofloxacin was evaluated using the checkerboard method.

Results: The size of S. aromaticum and M. arvensis were 50-179nm with an average of 114.5nm and 80-268nm with an average of 174nm respectively. The AgNPs biosynthesized from S. aromaticum and M. arvensis had activity against the isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranges from 6.25-0.0078 mg/mL while for cefotaxime and levofloxacin, the MICs ranges from 64.0-2.0 µg/mL. The combination of S. aromaticum/cefotaxime, S. aromaticum/levofloxacin and M. arvensis/levofloxacin had synergistic effect against only B1 with FICs ranges from 0.125-0.5 but had indifference effect on isolate B2 and B3 with FICs of 2.0. Finally, the combination of M. arvensis/cefotaxime had additive effect on B1 and B2 with FICs of 1.0.

Conclusion: The biosynthesized AgNPs from S. aromaticum and M. arvensis had antipseudomonal activity with inconsistent effect in its combination with cefotaxime and levofloxacin against the P. aeruginosa isolates.

Effects of Three Brands of Herbal Cocktails on Reproductive Hormones in Wistar Rats

Nda-Wonodi, W. — 2025-12-04

Herbal cocktails are blends of multiple herbs containing several extracts designed to enhance therapeutic efficacy through synergy, and widely marketed for fertility enhancement. This research investigated the effects of three branded herbal cocktails on reproductive hormones in Wistar rats. Thirty-six (36) rats were used for LD₅₀ determination and 80 rats were administered the mixtures. Animals (both sexes) were divided into four groups comprising twenty (20) rats each, one control group and three (3) treatment groups. Group A (control) received normal feed and water, the three experimental groups received low (500 mg/kg) and high (1500 mg/kg) doses of the mixtures orally for 40 days daily. Group B was treated with sample A, Group C and D with samples B and C respectively. Reproductive hormonal parameters assessed were luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, testosterone and estradiol. The results revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in LH (3.86 ± 0.01 to 5.95 ± 0.02 mIU/ml), progesterone (1.98 ± 0.03 to 20.50± 0.42 ng/ml), testosterone (0.13 ± 0.01 to 1.45 ± 0.71 ng/ml) and estrogen (22.50 ± 1.41 to 77.00 ± 4.24 pg/ml) levels across treatment groups compared with the control, while FSH showed no significant change. These findings suggest that while the cocktails may enhance both male and female fertility, they could also lead to impaired spermatogenesis, reduced libido, endometrial hyperplasia, irregular menstrual cycles and reduced fertility in a dose-dependent manner, highlighting the need for proper evaluation and regulation of herbal cocktails.

In vitro Antidiabetic and in vivo Post Prandial Hyperglycemic Response Profile of Gongronema latifolium (Utazi) Leaves in Wistar Rats

Ezeaku, U. A. — 2025-12-08

Aims: Diabetes mellitus affects a greater number of the populace and requires a more reliable and affordable treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of Gongronema latifolium (utazi) leaves through in vitro and in vivo investigations as a possible natural therapeutic alternative.

Study Design: A combined in vitro and in vivo experimental design was adopted. Enzymatic inhibition and glucose uptake assays were conducted in vitro, while in vivo experiments utilized Wistar rats administered with aqueous extracts and feed formulations containing dried G. latifolium leaves.

Methodology: In vitro assays evaluated α-amylase inhibition and glucose uptake spectrophotometrically. Aqueous extracts of G. latifolium at 0.25 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg doses were administered to potato starch loaded Wistar rats. Postprandial and fasting blood glucose levels were determined and compared with standard controls, including acarbose and metformin.

Results: The extract exhibited significant α-amylase inhibition (50.95 ± 4.18% at 2 mg/mL), exceeding that of acarbose (36.12 ± 0.81%). Glucose uptake studies showed enhanced yeast glucose reabsorption (84.01 ± 0.00% at 25 mM), comparable to metformin (81.52 ± 0.04%). In vivo, G. latifolium reduced postprandial glucose levels by 42.44% relative to the negative control (86.63%), though it was less effective than acarbose (8.71%). Fasting blood glucose levels also declined significantly (p < 0.05), though the effect was not dose-dependent, and a significant 6.67% weight loss (p < 0.05) on the groups fed with 20% G. latifolium enriched meal.

Conclusion: Gongronema latifolium demonstrated strong in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity and weight management, comparable to standard antidiabetic agents. These findings suggest its potential as a safe, natural, and cost-effective option for diabetes management. Further studies are recommended to elucidate its mechanisms of action and evaluate long-term safety.

Sub-Chronic Hepatotoxicity of Aluminium Phosphide in Wistar Rats: Biochemical and Histopathological Evidence

OBIH M. S. — 2025-12-27

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxic effects of sub-chronic dietary exposure to Aluminium phosphide (AlP) by assessing biochemical and histopathological alterations in the liver of Wistar rats.

Study Design: A controlled, 56-day toxicological feeding experiment was conducted using twenty-eight adult Wistar rats randomly assigned to four groups receiving either standard feed (control) or AlP-formulated diets at low, high, or very high concentrations.

Methodology: Rats consumed their respective diets ad libitum for 56 days. Serum liver function biomarkers including ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein, and albumin, were quantified using validated commercial assay kits. Liver samples were processed for histopathological evaluation using standard hematoxylin and eosin staining to assess structural damage and cellular alterations.

Results: Exposure to high and very high AlP concentrations led to marked increases in ALT and total bilirubin relative to controls, indicating hepatocellular leakage and impaired bilirubin handling. Conversely, AST and ALP levels showed significant reductions, while serum protein indices remained statistically unchanged across groups. Histological examination revealed steatosis (both micro- and macro-vesicular), centrilobular vascular congestion, and mild hepatocyte degeneration, particularly in animals receiving higher AlP doses. These findings collectively indicate dose-dependent hepatic injury.

Conclusion: Sub-chronic ingestion of AlP-contaminated feed results in measurable biochemical and structural liver damage in Wistar rats, suggesting oxidative-stress-mediated hepatotoxicity. The study underscores the need for monitoring AlP residue exposure in populations relying on fumigant-treated food commodities.

In-vitro Antioxidant and Radical Scavenging Potentials of Artocarpus heterophyllus Seed Extract

Mmuo Theresa Chinenye — 2025-12-29

The study investigated the scavenging potentials of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extract on DPPH, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, inhibition of nitric oxide formation, inhibition of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation and reduction of ferric ion compared to various standards following standard procedures. The extracts and ascorbic acid showed potent antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay (EC₅₀= 1.53µg/ml) and (EC₅₀ = 1.67µg/ml) and inhibited hydroxyl radical (EC₅₀ = 1.20µg/ml) and (EC₅₀ = 1.16µg/ml) respectively. Similarly, inhibited superoxide anion radical (EC₅₀ =1.52µg/ml) and (EC₅₀ =1.16µg/ml), inhibited formation of nitric oxide (EC₅₀ = 1.44µg/ml) and (EC₅₀= 1.71µg/ml), also inhibited non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (EC₅₀ = 1.81µg/ml) and (EC₅₀ = 2.44 µg/ml) respectively. The extracts also reduced ferric ion Fe³⁺ to ferrous ion Fe²⁺. These results shows that ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) scavenged these radicals more than the extract. The effective radical scavenging properties of A. heterophyllus seed ehanol extract compared to the standards could be linked to the various phytochemical it contains and could also justify its use in the treatment of oxidative stress related diseases.

The Sugar Coated Killer Cryptococcus neoformans: New Insights into Its Polysaccharide Capsule

Forman Erwin Siagian — 2025-11-05

Aims: To analyze the polysaccharide property of capsular portion belongs to the incidiosa yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans.

Discussion: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungal pathogen that is acquired by human and animal hosts through inhalation of environmental infectious propagules and can stay dormant or minimally parasitized in the lung alveoli. It is lethal to the immunocompromised individuals, especially HIV (+), which can have caused cryptococcal meningitis. Morphologically, it is a round or oval-shaped yeast cell. The size of the organism is ∼2.5 μm without the capsular polysaccharide. The capsule is found immediately outside the cell wall and can vary in size from 1 to 50 μm, depending on the cell type, environment, and growth conditions. Capsule architecture is characterized by a complex Biochemical network connected to the cell wall and extending to variable distances into the extracellular space. The capsular portion of C. neoformans is always considered as the primary virulence factor. From the Biochemical properties, it is primarily composed of polysaccharides, most notably glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and to a lesser extent, galactoxylomannan (GalXM), and mannoproteins. This elastic and thick, hydrophilic capsule is essential for the fungus's ability to cause disease, as it protects the yeast from the host's immune system by hindering phagocytosis and by modulating the phagosome environment. Cryptococcus cells from clinical samples typically have a much thicker capsule than those from the environmental samples or from culture medium. Fortunately, as a surprising findings, this capsular polysaccharide can be used as a simple methods of detection through the cryptococcal antigen in diagnostic tests.

Conclusion: In C. neoformans, the components of the capsular network constitute the main fungal virulence factor as well as a precious element for simple detection.

Insight Role of Fatty Acid Esterases Kinetics in Shelf Life of Millet Flour

Sunil Taak — 2025-11-20

Esterases are lipolytic enzymes that use a water-based process known as hydrolysis to separate esters into an acid and an alcohol. Fatty acid esterases were purified through a series of steps, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, using size exclusion chromatography with Sephadex G-200. The enzyme's homogeneity and purity were verified utilizing methods such as SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The variety of sources, the level of purity of the enzyme manufacture, the techniques, and the kind of substrates utilized all contribute to the wide variation in the Km value of esterases. The rapid hydrolysis of lipids in stored pearl millet flour may be partially explained by Km values in the µM range for p-NPB for pearl millet FAE, which indicate a strong affinity for substrate. Fatty acid esterases are valued for their high catalytic efficiency, stable structure, and ability to act on a wide variety of substrates, primarily short-chain fatty acid esters and simple alcohols. FAEs have numerous industrial uses, including eco-friendly biodiesel production via enzymatic transesterification, food industry applications for flavor enhancement and shelf-life extension by reducing rancidity, and synthesis of health-promoting specialty esters in biotechnology. Current research emphasizes the importance of carboxylesterases in the food and pharmaceutical sectors, focusing on their classification, structural properties, and engineering for improved applications. Combined advances in genetics, biochemistry, and technology are expected to enhance the shelf life and commercial value of pearl millet flour significantly.

Evaluation of Combined Effect of Ocimum gratissimum and Ageratum conyzoides Leaf Powder as a Sustainable Bioinsecticide against Cowpea Weevil

Victor C. Ihebom — 2025-10-20

This study was conceived to improve the preservation of cowpea grains by eliminating the destruction of cowpea grains by cowpea weevils (Callosohruchus maculates) and to eliminate the detrimental effect of synthetic pesticide on the environment. This study evaluated the proximate and phytochemical composition of Ocimum gratissimum and Ageratum conyzoides leaves and the bioinsecticidal potential of dried leaf powder of each plant leaf and their combinations on cowpea weevils. Graded (0.25, 0.5, 1.00, 2.00 and 3.00 mg) of single and combined leaf powders of O. gratissimum and A. conyzoides were applied to uninfested cowpea grains, followed by the introduction of healthy adult cowpea weevils in the test chamber. Untreated grains served as the control. Behavioural responses and mortality rates were monitored for over 72 h. Mortality increased proportionally with dosage (0.25 < 0.50 < 1.00< 2.00 < 3.00 mg). Across all concentrations, the combined leaf powder induced the highest mortality, followed by A. conyzoides and O. gratissimum, indicating synergistic efficacy of the combined leaf powder treatment. The application of the two leaf powders, both individually and in combination significantly (P< 0.05) increased the mortality of C. maculatus approaching 100% after 72 h of exposure. These findings demonstrated that the leaf powder of A. conyzoides and O. gratissimum, particularly when used in combination, hold strong potential as effective bio-control agent for the sustainable management and control of cowpea weevil.

Phytochemical Profiling and Combinatorial-Optimization of Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum and Curcuma longa Extracts for In-vitro \(Fe^{2+}\)-Chelation as Potential Heavy-Metal Detoxifiers

Joshua C. Ezema — 2025-10-21

This research investigated the bioactive compounds of Zingiber officinale (ginger), Allium sativum (garlic) and Curcuma longa (turmeric) and the combinatorial capacity of the extracts to chelate ferrous (Fe²⁺) ions. Phytochemicals were determined using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and metal chelating capacity was evaluated by the in-vitro ferrous (Fe²⁺) ions Chelating power. This involved preparation of standardized ginger-garlic-turmeric extract combinations in predetermined ratios to evaluate the in vitro synergistic effects. The phytochemical profile of ginger presented appreciable values for catechin (192.06 μg/mL), kaempferol (61.97 μg/mL) and genistein (39.85 μg/mL) among other. Garlic recorded catechin (145.05 μg/mL), quercetin (101.60 μg/mL) and isorhamnetin (24.52 μg/mL) and genistein (19.25 μg/mL). Turmeric showed kaempferol (29.60 μg/mL), myricetin (18.28 μg/mL), catechin (18.19 μg/mL) and resveratrol (5.25 μg/mL). The chelating power of the different extracts and their combinations on ferrous (Fe²⁺) ions presented increasing inhibition capacity with rising concentrations across all the groups. The best combinatorial extract for chelating ferrous (Fe²⁺) ions was the 60% Tumeric, 30% Garlic, 10% Ginger, which achieved a maximum inhibition of 84.75% at 80 mg/mL. This combination showed a steady rise in activity across concentrations, starting from 45.39% at 10 mg/mL and progressively peaked at 80 mg/mL. The results showed distinct but overlapping phytochemical profiles of the extracts and their remarkable potential in ameliorating oxidative stress and heavy metal-mediated toxicity in exposed animals.

Phytochemical Composition and in vitro Antioxidant Potential of the Ethanolic Extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) Seeds

Amarachi, Chidinma Chikezie — 2025-10-31

Medicinal plant serves as a natural source of antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress and related pathologies. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) is a medicinal plant that is known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to their rich phytochemical compounds. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds. The seeds were authenticated, dried, ground, and extracted with 70% ethanol. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were conducted using standard methods, while antioxidant activities were evaluated through nitric oxide (NO), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides, with flavonoids (5.51 ± 0.07 mg/g), phenols (4.61 ± 0.05 mg/g), and saponins (3.26 ± 0.04 mg/g) being abundant. These phytochemicals are known to contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The extract demonstrated concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in all assays. Nitric oxide scavenging ranged from 10.31 ± 0.07% to 61.58 ± 0.11% (IC₅₀ = 361.21 µg/mL), DPPH inhibition from 18.56 ± 0.12% to 70.39 ± 0.25% (IC₅₀ = 242.4 µg/mL) and FRAP activity from 3.32 ± 0.04% to 41.20 ± 0.14% (IC₅₀ = 505.8 µg/mL), compared with vitamin C standards that showed higher activity in each case. The extract showed concentration-dependent radical scavenging effects, with NO inhibition ranging from 10.31 ± 0.07% to 61.58 ± 0.11% and an IC₅₀ value of 361.21 µg/mL compared to 156.75 µg/mL for vitamin C. The strong antioxidant activities observed in fenugreek seed extract are attributed to its high content of flavonoids, phenolics,and saponins. These findings support the potential application of fenugreek seeds as a natural antioxidant source and provide a scientific insight for its use in nutraceutical and therapeutic formulations targeting oxidative stress–related disorders such as hypothyroidism.

Comparative Sub-acute Toxicity Study of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia-induced Wistar Rats Treated with Ethanol Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Stembark, Leaf, And Pulp

Nwako, C.A. — 2025-11-03

Aims: This study investigated the comparative in vivo sub-acute toxicity and biochemical effects of ethanol extracts of A. heterophyllus (stembark, leaf, and pulp) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-induced Wistar albino rats.

Methodology: A total of fifty-five male rats were randomly assigned to eleven groups (n = 5), comprising normal control, negative control (BPH-induced with 5.0 mg/kg testosterone propionate), standard control (finasteride 0.5 mg/kg), and eight treatment groups administered 250 or 500 mg/kg of the plant extracts orally for 21 days. Biochemical assessments were conducted to evaluate hepatic and renal function indices.

Results: The BPH-induced rats exhibited significant increases (p < 0.05) in serum ALT (22.67 ± 0.62 U/L), AST (23.97 ± 2.28 U/L), ALP (179.50 ± 6.96 U/L), total bilirubin (24.40 ± 0.93 µmol/L), urea (30.43 ± 1.98 mg/dL), and creatinine (7.27 ± 1.01 mg/dL) compared with the normal control group, indicating hepatic and renal dysfunction. Treatment with A. heterophyllus extracts, particularly the stembark at 500 mg/kg, significantly reversed these biochemical alterations, restoring ALT (15.16 ± 0.22 U/L), AST (12.88 ± 0.15 U/L), ALP (129.30 ± 0.94 U/L), bilirubin (15.31 ± 9.32 µmol/L), and urea (23.77 ± 0.26 mg/dL) values toward normal levels. Electrolyte concentrations (Na⁺: 171.90 ± 2.85 mmol/L; K⁺: 5.60 ± 0.35 mmol/L; Cl⁻: 59.25 ± 2.95 mmol/L) remained within physiological ranges across all treatment groups.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that A. heterophyllus extracts exhibit notable hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects, thereby highlighting the therapeutic promise and safety of A. heterophyllus, particularly its stembark extract, as a natural agent for mitigating BPH-associated hepatic and renal dysfunctions.

Chemical Characterization of Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev. and Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. Extracts as Potential Insecticides of Stored Products against Infestation

PHILIP-ATTAH Mary Tejumade — 2025-11-11

The bioactive compounds in Anthocleista djalonensis stem bark and Uvaria chamae root bark, through the standard procedures of phytochemical analysis and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, were investigated for 30 days at the Science Technology Laboratory, Ibadan, and Department of Chemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Fresh samples of the study plants were sourced, cleaned, dried, extracted, and concentrated for the analyses. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and anthraquinone in both test samples. The GC-MS profiling results for A. djalonensis stem bark and U. chamae root bark revealed the presence of 50 and 46 compounds, respectively. Insecticidal compounds such as n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z), Octadecanoic acid, and 9, 17-Octadecadienal (Z) -, cyclobarbital were identified. Bioactive compounds such as steroids, esters, fatty acids, phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, organosilicon, aromatics, alcohols, and Central Nervous System depressants (CNS depressants) were profiled. New compound, cyclobarbital, was newly profiled in both study samples. The presence of the detected compounds in the plants could be responsible for their insecticidal activities and, thus, recommended as stored product protectants.

Evaluation of Lipid Accumulation Product, Visceral Adiposity and Atherogenic Risk Indices in Type 2 Diabetics in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Ojoye N. Briggs — 2025-11-18

Background: This study evaluated lipid accumulation product index (LAPi), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and atherogenic risk indices in diabetics in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A total of 300 subjects comprising 150 diabetic subjects (tests) and 150 non-diabetic subjects (controls) were recruited for the study. Subjects observed an overnight fast prior to sample collection. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was determined using the glucose oxidase method. Fasting insulin was determined using the enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined using fluorescence immunoassay method. Insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) was calculated using standardized protocol. Total cholesterol (TCHOL), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined using enzymatic methods. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated using Friedewald’s equation. Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip (WHR), lipid accumulation product index (LAPi) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) were calculated using their respective standardised protocols for calculation. The atherogenic risk indices; Castelli risk index I and II (CRI-I and CRI-II), atherogenic coefficient (AC), non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), triglyceride to HDL-C (TG/HDL-C) ratio, and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were also calculated using their respective standardized protocols.

Results: BMI, WHR, LAPi and VAI were significantly higher (P<0.05) in diabetic subjects compared to the non-diabetic controls. There were also significant differences (P<0.05) in HbA1c, HOMA-IR and TyG index as the diabetic subjects had higher values compared to the non-diabetic controls. TCHOL, TG and LDL-C were significantly higher (P<0.05), while HDL-C was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the diabetic group compared to the non-diabetic controls. The atherogenic indices (CRI-I, CRI-II, AC, non-HDL-C, TG/HDL, and AIP) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the diabetic group compared to the non-diabetic controls. Correlation analyses indicated significant positive relationships between LAPi, VAI and HOMA-IR. LAPi and VAI were positively correlated with TyG, TG/HDL-C ratio, CRI-I, CRI-II, AC, non-HDL-C, and AIP.

Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterised by insulin resistance, lipid accumulation, visceral/central adiposity and atherogenic dyslipidaemia. The vicious metabolic cycle in diabetes heightens the risk of cardiovascular complications. LAPi and VAI provide easy and sex-specific assessments of cardiometabolic risk, and should be incorporated in clinical settings in combination with the atherogenic indices, for early detection of cardiovascular risk and to improve patient outcomes.

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Foxtail Millet Implications for Nutrition and Value Addition in Food Products

Namitha M Y — 2025-11-19

Because of its physico-chemical characteristics, research studies suggest that foxtail millet has superior nutritional profiles. The seed has bioactive substances with health-promoting qualities and a distinct protein, mineral and fibre composition. The goal of the current exploratory study was to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of foxtail millet in order to determine whether it may be used in millet-based products. Standard procedures were followed for the physico-functional, color, macronutrient, and micronutrient content. The macronutrient analysis yielded values that were within the previously reported range for moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, carbohydrate, energy, and ash. The energy (385 kcal), calcium (30 mg), iron (4 mg), and magnesium (195 mg) values were significantly different from those of other investigations. The biomolecule and fiber content was higher-protein (13.21g/100 g), fat (5.06g/100 g), and crude fiber (4.97g/100 g). Finally, high calorie value was observed. Physico- chemical properties and its stability and attributes have a major role in the food processing and value addition chain. The higher values of micro-nutrients and biomolecules and fiber have implications for human health, well-being and nutrition. Cumulatively, from this study, it could be concluded that foxtail millet has favorable physiological and functional properties that could be used for the production of value-added products to improve human nutrition and health.

Assessment of Renal Function Using Serum Urea and Creatinine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Receiving Care at Referral Hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria

Hector Okechukwu Obianyido — 2025-11-19

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) often causes renal dysfunction, which may progress to chronic kidney disease. The aim of the study was to assess the renal function of T2DM patients receiving treatment in referral hospitals in Enugu metropolis by measuring their serum urea and creatinine.

Method: This comparative cross-sectional study included 160 age and sex matched participants: 80 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 80 non-diabetic controls. All provided informed consent. Participants were selected using simple random sampling from a defined sampling frame. Sociodemographic data were collected using validated, pretested questionnaires. Laboratory tests involved collecting 3 mL of fasting venous blood from each participant for the analysis of fasting plasma glucose, urea, and creatinine using spectrophotometric methods. Data were analysed using GraphPad Prism version 8.0. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.

Result: Participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) had significantly higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations than non-diabetic controls (p < 0.05). T2DM participants also had higher creatinine and urea levels (p < 0.05). FPG was positively correlated with creatinine (r = 0.488, p < 0.0001) and with urea (r = 0.415, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that serum urea and creatinine concentrations are elevated in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and show a positive correlation with fasting plasma glucose levels, suggesting an increased risk of subclinical renal dysfunction. Consistent screening, together with structured patient education regarding glycemic control, is critical to reducing the risk of progression to chronic kidney disease.

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infections among Outpatients at the Regional Annex Hospital of Dschang, Cameroon

Fadimatou Rosette Nguemne — 2025-12-05

Aims: To determine the prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial profile of uropathogens among outpatients suspected of urinary tract infections (UTI) at the Regional Annex Hospital of Dschang.

Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2023 among outpatients who sought consultation for a urinary infection at the Regional Annex Hospital of Dschang

Methodology: We included 173 patients suspected to have UTI. Clean catch mid-stream non-duplicated urine samples were collected observed macroscopically, subjected to microscopy, cultured on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar (CLED). Gram-negative bacteria were identified using Enterosystem 18R kit following the manufacturer's instructions while Gram-positive were identified using a battery of biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Data analysis was performed using Excel 2016 and SPSS version 22.0, P≤0.05 was considered significant.

Results: A total of 173 non-duplicated urine samples were collected from 173 patients and analyzed during the period of this study. Majority of the participants were females 91.3% (158/173). The prevalence of UTI was found to be 49.71% (86/173), and the most frequently isolated bacteria were E. coli (38.37%), Klebsiella spp. (20.93%), and Staphylococcus spp. (16.27%). Gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus spp showed higher resistance patterns, particularly to β-lactam antibiotics. In total, 38.37% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Factors such as age (OR:3.355; P:0.305), fever (OR:3.216; P:0.013), Douching with detergents (OR:5.326; P:0.05), interruption of antibiotic treatment (OR:9.167; P:0.026) and used of oral contraceptives (OR:4.500; P:0.036) were found to be strongly associated with UTI infections.

Conclusion: Overall, this study indicates a high prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infections, as well as a high level of resistance patterns to β-lactamines and several risk factors associated with UTI in our area.

A Comparative Study of Physical Quality, Nutritional Composition, and Sensory Evaluation of Deep-fried and Air-fried Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Fish-shaped Samosa which is Attractive and Healthier for Consumption

Harishchandra Parshuram Nayak — 2025-12-06

Studies were conducted to ascertain the effects of air-frying and deep-frying on the quality, nutritional composition, and sensory evaluations of fish samosa. Sample groups for the experiment were as follows: R1, sample deep-fried; and R2, sample air-fried. The factors determinant included, among others, color (L*, a*, b*), pH, oil absorption, moisture, protein, fat, ash, and all sensory characteristics, as appearance, flavor, texture, aroma, and overall acceptability. The findings confirmed that air-fried samosas absorbed less oil, by a lot (10.47 ± 0.45%), against deep-fried samosas, which contained 18.18 ± 0.02% oil, and implied that the health prospect was better here. Marginal difference in contribution of moisture content was lower for air-fried samples than for deep-fried samples (47 ± 0.87% and 48 ± 0.85% moisture, respectively) while both contained similar amounts of protein and ash. Air-fried samosas also showed a characteristic golden hue in color analysis, whereas both methods of processing showed no significant difference in pH, indicating that little chemical change occurred. Sensory evaluation indicated the greater acceptability of air-fried samosas over deep-fried samosas in terms of appearance, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. Thus, air frying can be used as an alternative to deep frying because it produces healthier fish samosas with less fat content, a more nutritional value, and more acceptability in the products.

Effect of Methanol Extract of Acanthus montanus Leaf on Some Neuroprotective Markers (C-reactive Protein, Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase) in Mercury-intoxicated Wistar Rats

Ariba, Inimfon Ude — 2025-12-09

Acanthus montanus (Acanthaceae), also called Bear Breech or Mountain Thistle, is a medicinal and decorative plant, which grows in shady and damp conditions in tropical West Africa and is reported to be antioxidant. The intoxication of mercury chloride (HgCl₂) causes oxidative stress which causes structural and functional damage of the brain. In this research, the authors aimed to examine the neuroprotective capability of the methanol leaf extract of A. montanus on HgCl₂-intoxicated Wistar rats. Sixteen adult men rats were separated in four groups: Group 1 (control) was given food and water alone, Group 2 was given HgCl₂ and a common drug (Diazepam), Group 3 was given HgCl₂ alone, and Group 4 was given HgCl₂ and the plant extract. Oral therapy was given over a period of 21 days and the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, controlling t-test with Bonferonni. The antioxidant parameters (CRP, GPx, CAT) and the histological parameters of the cerebrum and cerebellum were determined. There was significant improvement in GPx levels in the extract treated group (p < 0.05) as compared to the standard drug treated group and no significant difference existed between the extract treated and the normal control. The use of A. montanus with HgCl₂ reduced the effects of mercury on oxidative and histopathological changes. To conclude, the Acanthus montanus methanol extract had significant neuroprotective properties against the oxidative stress and microanatomical brain damage caused by HgCl₂ in Wistar rats.

Effects of Portulaca oleracea extract on Experimentally Induced Gastric Lesions in Wistar Rats: Antioxidative Action in Gastroprotection

Vincent Ngouana — 2025-12-24

Background: Gastric ulcer, a mucosal lesion resulting from an imbalance between aggressive factors (HCl, pepsin) and gastric defenses (mucus, bicarbonate, blood flow), remains a common pathology. Although treatments such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H₂-receptor antagonists are effective, their prolonged use can lead to various side effects, including gastrointestinaland metabolic disorders, among others. Nowadays, natural treatments are gaining increasing interest. Portulaca oleracea is a medicinal plant known for its gastrointestinal relieving properties. Thus, the scientific validation of this plant in treating gastric problems is worthwhile.

Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of the ethanol extract of Portulaca oleracea against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in Wistar rats.

Methods: The ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Portulaca oleracea was obtained by maceration. The phytochemical screening of the as-prepared extract was performed using standard protocols. Gastric ulcer was induced by an oral administration of 20°C ethanol (10 mL/kg) to rats for 7 days. The ethanol-induced ulcerogenic rats were further treated orally with P. oleracea extract at 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg, and sucralfate (350 mg/kg; positive control). Parameters such as body weight gain, ulcer surface area, hematological parameters, oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, SOD, and catalase), and inflammatory (CRP, TNF-α, and IL-10) markers, as well as the histology sections of the stomach were evaluated. An acute toxicity test was conducted on female Wistar rats according to the OECD guidelines.

Results: Daily oral administration of 20°C ethanol caused weight loss, gastric mucus reduction, ulceration, oxidative stress (↑ MDA, ↓ GSH, ↓ SOD, ↓ CAT), and a marked inflammatory response (↑ CRP, ↑ TNF-α, ↓ IL-10), along with histological damage to the gastric epithelium. Treatment with Portulaca oleracea, especially at 150 and 300 mg/kg doses, significantly restored mucus levels, normalized oxidative markers, and modulated the inflammatory mediators, with optimal efficacy observed at 300 mg/kg. Noteworthy, 50.58, 80 and 42.35% reduction of the ulcer surface area was observed at 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg, respectively.

Conclusion: The ethanol extract of P. oleracea exhibits significant anti-ulcer activity, mediated by its antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties. Portulaca oleracea represents a promising avenue for the development of phytomedicines against gastric ulcers.